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Τhe temporal adverb ksóras has been derived from the combination of the local adverb ékso ‘out’ and the noun óra ‘hour’ (Papanis & Papanis 2004).

Ε.g. pʝo brustá si pirímina, ksóras írtis.
pʝo brostá se perímena, ékso-óra írθes.
‘I expected you earlier, you came late’.

Βιβλιογραφία/References

Dialectal phenomena and words

Morphology

  1. Definite article ʝi
  2. Absence of definite article
  3. Derivational noun suffixes
    1. -aða
    2. -ia
  4. Diminution
    1. -ur(i)
    2. -uð(i)
    3. -ar(i)
    4. -i
  5. Prefixoid plaku-
  6. Eteroclisis of nouns
  7. Imperative in the imperfective aspect
  8. Imperative in the perfective aspect
  9. ΙC2 verbs
  10. Past Tense in -k-
  11. Verbal ending -asi
  12. Verbal endings with /u/
  13. Αugment i-
  14. -i- in the plural endings of the present tense
  15. Imperfect tense
    1. -omna
    2. -omdan
    3. -omdun
    4. -umdan
    5. -umdun
    6. -um
    7. -umna
  16. Pronouns
    1. atós-i-m/t/ts ‘on my/his/her/its own’
    2. éftus ‘this/that one’
    3. éftnus ‘this/that one’
    4. étsus ‘that one’
    5. tsos ‘that one’
    6. tsónus ‘that one’
    7. (i)tsínunas ‘that one’
    8. éʝtutus ‘this one here’
    9. éʝtsinus ‘that one there’
    10. éʝusus ‘as much as’
    11. éʝtusus ‘so much’
    12. éʝtitʝus ‘such as this’

Phonology

  1. Semi-vowel deletion
  2. Change of /t/ to [c]
  3. Tsitacism
  4. Avoidance of clusters with a stop consonant and /r/
  5. /i/ epenthesis
  6. Unstressed secondary [i] deletion

Morphophonology

  1. Weak possessive pronoun
  2. Αssimilation in the noun - weak possessive pronoun cluster

Morphosyntax

  1. Enclisis
  2. Combination of particle and interrogative pronoun
  3. Combination of preposition and personal pronoun
  4. tída ‘what’
  5. mi θa modality marker
  6. ðaná ‘now’

Vocabulary

  1. Phrases
    1. daʝánámadi ‘enough’
    2. mustaxác ‘you deserve it’
    3. súcur ‘fortunately’
    4. isté vuilé ‘so and so’
    5. z-duɲadé ‘in the world’
    6. surusúʝla ‘all together’
  2. Verbs
    1. ktsízu ‘to sprinkle, season’
    2. zmarízu ‘to point, target’
    3. luʝázu ‘to look, estimate’
    4. apadéxu ‘to wait’
    5. apikázu ‘to understand’
    6. sɲikázu ‘to satisfy the hunger’
    7. laló ‘to speak, to kick out’
    8. áɣumi ‘to exist, to move’
    9. θarmízu ‘to give the evil eye’
    10. ðʝanutó ‘advise’
  3. Nouns
    1. batóʎa ‘group of people’
    2. ʝaɣnís ‘mistake’
    3. xaraɲí ‘pot’
    4. víka ‘water jug’
    5. ikádu ‘auction’
    6. takát ‘courage’
    7. ʝiʝín ‘pile’
    8. ʝardúm ‘help’
    9. dirlík ‘calmness’
    10. nem ‘humidity’
    11. ʝarás ‘wound’
    12. minét ‘request’
    13. riɣálu ‘gift, tip’
    14. usúʎ ‘manner’
    15. ðʝuʎí ‘violin’
  4. Discourse markers
    1. iðé ‘otherwise’
    2. péta ‘besides, then’
    3. tapé ‘besides, then’
    4. maθé ‘as a matter of fact’
    5. silamét ‘in the right way'
    6. timilí ‘lest’
  5. Adverbs
    1. ksóras ‘late’
    2. rast ‘well’
    3. ʝámʝasi ‘messy’
    4. dárdaɣaɲ ‘messy’
    5. amónti ‘in vain’
    6. taxtér ‘early in the morning’
    7. sáncim ‘supposedly, ostensibly, as if’
    8. éʝtuti ‘in the past, then’
    9. éʝtsi ‘there’
    10. éʝtsi ‘in this way’
    11. sáðuna ‘(toward) here’
    12. sáðʝu ‘(toward) here’
    13. sáfna ‘(toward) there’
    14. sáftu ‘there’
    15. sací ‘there’
    16. óspiti ‘until’
    17. pátsi ‘maybe’
    18. éðafna ‘there’
    19. éðaftu ‘there’
    20. éðʝits‘like that’
    21. ótliʝa ‘no matter, in any way’
    22. tótisu ‘then’
    23. mo ‘only’
    24. pʎa ‘anymore’
    25. pʎo ‘anymore’
 

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